The PECS II block as a major analgesic component for clavicle operations: A description of 7 case reports. / Bloqueo PEC II como componente mayor analgésico para operaciones de clavícula: descripción de 7 casos y revisión de la literatura.

Clavicle fractures correspond to 35% of traumatic fractures of the shoulder girdle. Regional anaesthesia has shown better analgesic results than systemic treatment for perioperative management. Innervation of the clavicle is complex, at present its knowledge raises controversy. The lateral pectoral nerve through the innervating musculature predominantly participates in the lateral and anterior part of the clavicle. The following report of 7 cases describes the effective postoperative analgesia of modified PEC II block in patients with middle third clavicle fracture or acromioclavicular dislocation who underwent a modified PEC II block for postoperative pain management, in the context of a multimodal analgesia. The potential advantage of this management over other analgesic procedures should be evaluated in specific clinical trials.

MUSCLE INFARCTION AND SEVERE DETERIORATION OF RENAL FUNCTION IN A PATIENT WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.

CONTEXT: Spontaneous muscle infarction is a rare complication of diabetes mellitus, mainly affecting women and patients with long-lasting type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This report is aimed to describe the case of a patient with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in whom a severe deterioration of renal function was triggered by a muscle infarction. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Subject of the study was a 33-years-old woman with an 18 years history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy at stage 3 chronic kidney disease, somatic sensory-motor polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy. RESULTS: The patient presented with severe pain and dysfunction of the left thigh without prior trauma plus progressive deterioration of the renal function. Nuclear magnetic resonance of the thigh showed inflammatory changes in the external vastus with hyperintensity on T2 sequence and edema of the subcutaneous cellular tissue. After other possible etiologies were ruled out, a clinical diagnosis of spontaneous muscle infarction was established. The patient needed hospital admission for two months, during which the renal function worsened until she required hemodialysis. No other possible triggers of kidney injury were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Up to our knowledge, this is the first described case where muscle infarction is suspected to have caused exacerbation of an existing chronic kidney failure. Monitoring the renal function should be considered in patients with diabetic nephropathy presenting with this rare complication of diabetes.

Assessment of the stability of proanthocyanidins and other phenolic compounds in cranberry syrup after gamma-irradiation treatment and during storage.

Shelf life of commercial cranberry syrup irradiated with gamma radiation at a rate of 5 kGy and stored for 6 months at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity (RH) and under accelerated stability conditions was investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to characterise cranberry syrup. Afterwards, these compounds were quantified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assay. A significant increase in the content of procyanidin B isomer 1 (from 4.4 to 7.0 µg/ml) and procyanidin A2 (from 83 to 93 µg/ml) was observed after irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated syrup. Procyanidin B isomers and prodelphinidin were stable at 25 °C during the first month of storage, whereas quercetin and some derivatives remained constant for 3 months of storage at this temperature. In short, after gamma-irradiation in dose of 5 kGy, most compounds were highly stable for a month at 25 °C.

Doctor profesor Ángel Fernando Sánchez Vicente. Paradigma docente en la enseñanza de histologia / Doctor professor Ángel Fernando Sánchez Vicente. A teaching paradigm of histology

El Dr. Ángel Sánchez Vicente es un paradigma de docente en la enseñanza en el Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas Victoria de Girón, en particular de la Histología. Excelente profesor en el uso del pizarrón y precursor de las tecnologías de avanzadas vinculadas a la docencia. Inició su larga carrera en la docencia Médica, como Profesor Auxiliar en la Cátedra de Histología-Embriología, en el año 1966, en el ICBP Victoria de Girón. En 1976 fue promovido a la categoría de Profesor Titular. Su larga experiencia como profesor de pre-universitario y en la especialidad de Histología, ponen en evidencia, su vocación por la enseñanza. Por todos los años que dedicó a la docencia, el Doctor Ángel Sánchez contribuyó a la formación de muchos bachilleres y médicos que lo recuerdan con cariño y orgullo por haber sido sus alumnos(AU)

Dr. Angel Sánchez Vicente is a teaching paradigm in the Preclinical and Basic Science Institute Victoria de Girón in particular in the subject of Histology. Excellent professor and advanced technology precursor related to teaching. He began his long carrier in medical teaching as Senior Professor in Histology Embryology cathedra in The Preclinical and Basic Science Institute Victoria de Girón in 1966. He was promoted to the category of Full professor in 1976. His long experience like college professor and in Histology specialty takes in evidence his vocation for teaching. By all those years dedicated to teach, Dr. Ángel Sßnchez Vicente contributed to the formation of many bachelors and physician which remember him with love and proud because they were his students(AU)

Doctor profesor Ángel Fernando Sánchez Vicente. Paradigma docente en la enseñanza de histologia / Doctor professor Ángel Fernando Sánchez Vicente. A teaching paradigm of histology

El Dr. Ángel Sánchez Vicente es un paradigma de docente en la enseñanza en el Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas «Victoria de Girón¼, en particular de la Histología. Excelente profesor en el uso del pizarrón y precursor de las tecnologías de avanzadas vinculadas a la docencia. Inició su larga carrera en la docencia Médica, como Profesor Auxiliar en la Cátedra de Histología-Embriología, en el año 1966, en el ICBP «Victoria de Girón¼. En 1976 fue promovido a la categoría de Profesor Titular. Su larga experiencia como profesor de pre-universitario y en la especialidad de Histología, ponen en evidencia, su vocación por la enseñanza. Por todos los años que dedicó a la docencia, el Doctor Ángel Sánchez contribuyó a la formación de muchos bachilleres y médicos que lo recuerdan con cariño y orgullo por haber sido sus alumnos.

Dr. Angel Sánchez Vicente is a teaching paradigm in the Preclinical and Basic Science Institute «Victoria de Girón¼ in particular in the subject of Histology. Excellent professor and advanced technology precursor related to teaching. He began his long carrier in medical teaching as Senior Professor in Histology Embryology cathedra in The Preclinical and Basic Science Institute «Victoria de Girón¼ in 1966. He was promoted to the category of Full professor in 1976. His long experience like college professor and in Histology specialty takes in evidence his vocation for teaching. By all those years dedicated to teach, Dr. Ángel Sánchez Vicente contributed to the formation of many bachelors and physician which remember him with love and proud because they were his students.

A metabolite-profiling approach allows the identification of new compounds from Pistacia lentiscus leaves.

Pistacia lentiscus L., commonly known as Mastic tree or lentisk, is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub widely used in traditional medicine to treat such diseases as eczema, diarrhoea, and throat infections. Furthermore, other properties are currently attributed to P. lentiscus, such as antioxidant capacity, hepatoprotective action, and anti-inflammatory effects. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used for the comprehensive characterization of methanol extract from P. lentiscus leaves. After the optimisation of the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method and the use of the negative ionization mode, 46 different compounds were identified, 20 of which were tentatively characterized for the first time in P. Lentiscus leaves. The majority of the compounds were quantified. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives were the most abundant compounds, those with the highest concentrations being myricetin glycoside (6216.13 mg/kg of plant), catechin (3354.78 mg/kg of plant), ß-glucogallin (2214.461 mg/kg of plant), and quercitrin gallate (1160 mg/kg of plant). The importance of the knowledge of plants is increasing and our study may help in the future to formulate nutraceutical preparations and will provide the basis for new investigation into activities of the various compounds found in P. lentiscus.

Phenotype of five cases of prenatally diagnosed campomelic dysplasia harboring novel mutations of the SOX9 gene.

OBJECTIVES: Campomelic dysplasia is a rare congenital skeletal disorder characterized by bowing of the long bones and a variety of other skeletal and extraskeletal defects, many of which can now be identified prenatally using advanced ultrasound equipment. The disorder is caused by mutations in SRY-box 9 (SOX9), a gene that is abundantly expressed in chondrocytes as well as in other tissues. However, the correlation between genotype and phenotype is still unclear. We report five cases of prenatally detected campomelic dysplasia in which the diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis. METHODS: Ultrasound examinations were performed between 12 and 32 weeks. Standard fetal biometric measurements were obtained. Fetal sex was determined sonographically and confirmed by chromosomal analysis. Genomic DNA was obtained in four cases before termination of pregnancy from chorionic villi or amniocytes and in one case postnatally from peripheral blood. RESULTS: Skeletal dysplasia, most often limb shortening and bowed femora, was observed in one case in the first trimester, in three cases in the second trimester and in one case, presenting late for antenatal care, in the third trimester. Four of the pregnancies were terminated and one was carried to term. Postmortem/postnatal physical and radiographic examinations confirmed the presence of anomalies characteristic of campomelic dysplasia. A de novo mutation in the SOX9 gene was detected in all four cases that underwent termination. The father of the proband in the case that went to term was a carrier of a somatic mosaic mutation without clinical or radiographic signs of campomelic dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that the integrated expertise of ultrasonographers, obstetricians, pediatricians and clinical geneticists will markedly improve the likelihood of accurate prenatal clinical diagnoses of campomelic dysplasia. This will, in turn, encourage more specific molecular testing and facilitate comprehensive genetic counseling.

Relación entre las temperaturas máximas y los distintos parámetros de calidad en vinos / Relationship between the maximum temperatures and different quality parameters in wine

Introducción: La calidad del vino viene definida por diversos factores, siendo el clima y, dentro de este, las temperaturas máximas determinantes en todas las etapas de crecimiento de la vid ,participando en la composición final del vino. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado un seguimiento de cinco añadas (2005-2009) sobre la acidez, grado alcohólico probable (GAP) y en las tres últimas(2007-2009) de antocianos de vinos obtenidos a partir de la variedad Tempranillo, así como un seguimiento de las temperaturas máximas junto con la determinación del índice de Winkler. Resultados: se produjo un descenso estadísticamente significativo para los parámetros acidez(4,98±0,44 vs 8,21±0,95) y antocianos (110,75±29,13 vs 216,64±43,95) y un aumento en el grado alcohólico probable (GAP) (12,97±0,49 vs 11,62±0,63), siendo las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los distintos años. Conclusión: En el presente estudio se observó que un incremento de las temperaturas máximas en la zona de estudio se relacionó con un mayor grado alcohólico, una menor acidez y concentración de antocianos en vinos(AU)

Introduction: The quality of wine is defined by different factors, and is the climate and especially the maximum temperatures that are decisive in all grown stages of grapevine and that participating in the final wine composition. Material and methods: it was realised a tracking during five years (2005-2009) about the wine composition of acidity, alcoholic probable degree (GAP) and during last three years about wine anthocyanins to Tempranillo variety and about maximum temperatures for determination Winkler index. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease acidity parameters (4,98±0,44 vs 8,21±0,95) and anthocyanins (110,75±29,13 vs 216,64±43,95) and a increase of alcoholic probable degree (GAP) (12,97±0,49 vs 11,62±0,63). The different was statistic significant between different years. Conclusion: In this work we observe that highest maximum temperature in our area of study, it was connected with a highest GAP levels and lower concentrations of acidity andanthocyanins in wine(AU)

Signaling properties of human alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors lacking the carboxyl terminus: intrinsic activity, agonist-mediated activation, and desensitization.

alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors are differentially regulated by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation. The most sensitive member of this family is the alpha(1D)-subtype, which is also characterized by a constitutive activity and a reduced expression at the plasma membrane controlled by the amino terminus. Information on the structural domains that determine the function and regulation of this receptor subtype is scarce. Therefore, the function and phosphorylation of amino terminus-truncated (Delta1-79, (DeltaN)) alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors were studied and compared with those of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors truncated both at the amino and carboxyl termini (Delta1-79 and Delta441-572, (DeltaN-DeltaC)). These receptors were stably expressed in rat-1 fibroblast, at relatively high density ( approximately 2 pmol/mg of membrane protein), and showed intrinsic activity that was markedly increased by noradrenaline. Interestingly, activation of protein kinase C markedly attenuated (desensitized) the function of both DeltaN and DeltaN-DeltaC alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors. These receptors were photolabeled and immunoprecitated with an antibody directed against an influenza hemagglutinin epitope inserted at the amino termini. Metabolic labeling with radioactive phosphate and receptor immunoprecipitation studies indicated that these receptors are phosphoproteins whose phosphorylation state is increased by noradrenaline and by activation of protein kinase C. Our data indicate that carboxyl terminus-truncated alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors are fully functional and subjected to regulation by phosphorylation. The roles of the carboxyl termini differ among alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes.

Receptor tyrosine kinases regulate alpha1D-adrenoceptor signaling properties: phosphorylation and desensitization.

Human alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors (truncated at the amino terminus (Delta1-79) to increase their membrane expression) were stably expressed in Rat-1 fibroblasts (1-1.5 pmol/mg protein). The receptors were functional as evidenced by a robust increase in intracellular calcium in response to noradrenaline. Using this cell line, the possibility that activation of receptor tyrosine kinases could modulate this adrenoceptor subtype was studied. It was observed that cell preincubation with insulin, IGF-I, EGF or PDGF markedly reduced the intracellular calcium increase observed in response to noradrenaline. Inhibitors of PI3K and PKC essentially blocked insulin-, IGF-I- and EGF-induced desensitizations. Interestingly, PDGF-induced alpha(1D)-adrenergic desensitization was only partially ameliorated by PI3K inhibitors and was not affected by those of PKC. Insulin, IGF-I, EGF and PDGF induced concentration-dependent increases in the phosphorylation state of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors; phosphorylation took place on serine residues. Inhibitors of PI3K and PKC markedly reduced the effects of insulin, IGF-I and EGF on this parameter. These inhibitors only marginally reduced PDGF-induced alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors phosphorylation. The ability of IGF-I to induce alpha(1D)-adrenergic desensitization and phosphorylation was confirmed in cells expressing non-truncated rat alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors. Our data indicate that the function and phosphorylation state of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors is modulated by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Insulin, IGF-I and EGF actions take place through the action of PI3K and PKC; additional pathway(s) seem to participate in PDGF-induced alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor desensitization and phosphorylation.

Estudio de la variabilidad glucémica en niños y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 en tratamiento con insulina glargina / A study of variability in glycaemia in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1 on treatment with insulin glargine

Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la insulina glargina (IG) en la disminución de hipoglucemias e hiperglucemias en niños y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1. Pacientes y métodos: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo/prospectivo, en el que 29 pacientes con hipoglucemias leves/moderadas frecuentes, con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 18 años, y HbA1c de 8 ± 0,7, recibieron tratamiento con IG una vez al día e insulina regular o un análogo de la insulina rápida antes de cada comida. Los criterios de inclusión fueron los siguientes: a) tratamiento previo con insulina de acción intermedia (NPH); b) más de 1 año de evolución de la diabetes, y c) más de tres controles de glucemia/día. Se recogió la incidencia de episodios de hipoglucemias (leves, moderadas y graves), hiperglucemias, los valores de HbA1c, el índice de masa corporal y la dosis diaria de insulina antes y después de iniciar el tratamiento con IG. Además, se realiza una encuesta de opinión directa a la familia sobre la calidad de vida. Resultados: Los resultados se obtuvieron a partir de 1.294 ± 411 glucemias/paciente. La incidencia global de hipoglucemias no se reduce (el 5,9 frente al 6,2 % de valores glucémicos/mes) y las hiperglucemias globales permanecen sin cambios. Sin embargo, se reduce de forma significativa la hiperglucemia en ayunas (el 4,3 frente al 2,6 %) con tendencia a la disminución de las hipoglucemias nocturnas. La HbA1c continúa también sin cambios al igual que los requerimientos totales de insulina diaria (0,8 ± 0,2 U/kg/día). Conclusiones: La IG consigue un control glucémico similar al que se logra con la NPH, con tendencia a la disminución de las hipoglucemias nocturnas y a la mejoría de los valores de glucemia en ayunas (AU)

Objective: To determine the usefulness of insulin glargine (IG) to reduce hipoglycaemias and hyperglycaemic events in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective/prospective study, 29 patients with a high number of non-severe hypoglycaemias, aged 3-18, and an average HbA1c of 8 ± 0.7, received IG once daily plus regular insulin or rapid analogue before meals. Inclusion criteria were: a) previous treatment with NPH insulin; b) diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least 1 year before starting IG, and c) > 3 blood glucose controls within a day. Incidence of severe and non-severe hypoglycaemic events, hyperglycaemic events, HbA1c values, body mass index, daily insulin dose before and after the institution of glargine therapy, were collected. Additionally, family were asked to complete a diabetes quality of life survey. Results: 1,294 ± 411 glycaemias/subject were obtained. Hypoglycaemic episodes were not reduced (5.9 % vs 6.2 %) and hyperglycaemic events remained unchanged. Fasting blood glucose levels decreased from 195.3 ± 36.6 to 162.8 ± 25.8 in all patients (p < 0.05) and a tendency a decrease in nocturnal hypoglycaemias was observed. The average HbA1c and total daily insulin dosis also remained unchanged (0.8 ± 0.2 UI/Kg/day). Conclusions: Using IG achieves a glycaemic control similar to NPH, with a tendency to decrease the frecuency of nocturnal hypoglycaemias and an improvement in fasting glycaemia values(AU)

¿Quiste aracnoideo como causa de pubertad precoz? / Arachnoid cyst as a cause of precocious puberty?

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[A study of variability in glycaemia in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1 on treatment with insulin glargine]. / Estudio de la variabilidad glucémica en niños y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 en tratamiento con insulina glargina.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of insulin glargine (IG) to reduce hipoglycaemias and hyperglycaemic events in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective/prospective study, 29 patients with a high number of non-severe hypoglycaemias, aged 3-18, and an average HbA1c of 8+/-0.7, received IG once daily plus regular insulin or rapid analogue before meals. Inclusion criteria were: a) previous treatment with NPH insulin; b) diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least 1 year before starting IG, and c) >3 blood glucose controls within a day. Incidence of severe and non-severe hypoglycaemic events, hyperglycaemic events, HbA1c values, body mass index, daily insulin dose before and after the institution of glargine therapy, were collected. Additionally, family were asked to complete a diabetes quality of life survey. RESULTS: 1,294+/-411 glycaemias/subject were obtained. Hypoglycaemic episodes were not reduced (5.9% vs 6.2%) and hyperglycaemic events remained unchanged. Fasting blood glucose levels decreased from 195.3+/-36.6 to 162.8+/-25.8 in all patients (p<0.05) and a tendency a decrease in nocturnal hypoglycaemias was observed. The average HbA1c and total daily insulin doses also remained unchanged (0.8+/-0.2 UI/Kg/day). CONCLUSIONS: Using IG achieves a glycaemic control similar to NPH, with a tendency to decrease the frequency of nocturnal hypoglycaemias and an improvement in fasting glycaemia values.

Outcome of infants from mothers with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of electrocardiographic and laboratory abnormalities in neonates born from mothers with connective tissue disease and positive for anti-SSA/Ro antibodies. STUDY DESIGN: Electrocardiogram, blood cell counts, liver and renal function tests prospectively obtained from 51 infants born from anti-SSA/Ro-positive mothers with connective tissue disease were compared with those obtained from 50 control infants born from mothers with anti-extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)-negative connective tissue disease. One infant with congenital complete heart block was excluded from analysis. RESULTS: No infant showed sinus bradycardia. A first-degree atrioventricular block at birth was observed in five study group and no control group infants, P=0.023. Atrioventricular blocks spontaneously reverted or remained stable during the first year of life. Mean corrected QT value of infants born from anti-SSA/Ro-positive mothers was slightly prolonged as compared with the control group (0.404+/-0.03 s vs 0.395+/-0.02 s; P=0.060). CONCLUSIONS: Infants exposed to anti-SSA/Ro antibodies had a significantly higher prevalence of first-degree atrioventricular block. At variance with previous studies, we observed a low frequency of hematologic abnormalities and no cases of hepatobiliary disease.

[Amniotic membrane transplantation after surgical resection in conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma]. / Trasplante de membrana amniótica tras resección quirúrgica en sarcoma de Kaposi conjuntival.

OBJECTIVES/METHODS: To describe a case of isolated conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma treated with surgical resection and amniotic membrane graft. After surgical resection of the lesion an amniotic membrane graft was used to reconstruct the conjunctival surface. Histological studies were performed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Rapid regeneration of the conjunctiva, with minimal scarring, occurred after the surgical procedure and no recurrence of the lesion was observed at 18 months of follow-up. Surgical resection with amniotic membrane grafting appears to be a useful therapeutic option in isolated conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma.

Trasplante de membrana amniótica tras resección quirúrgica en sarcoma de Kaposi conjuntival / Amniotic membrane transplantation after surgical resection in conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma

Objetivo/Métodos: Presentar un caso de sarcoma de Kaposi conjuntival tratado con resección quirúrgica e injerto de membrana amniótica. Después de la resección quirúrgica de la lesión, un injerto de membrana amniótica se utilizó para reconstruir la superficie ocular. Se realizó estudio histológico de la lesión.Resultados/Conclusiones: Una rápida regeneración de la superficie ocular con una mínima cicatrización ocurrió después de la resección quirúrgica y no se observaron recurrencias de la lesión en un periodo de seguimiento de 18 meses. La resección conjuntival con trasplante de membrana amniótica puede ser una opción terapéutica útil en casos de sarcoma de Kaposi conjuntival aislado (AU)

Objectives/Methods: To describe a case of isolated conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma treated with surgical resection and amniotic membrane graft. After surgical resection of the lesion an amniotic membrane graft was used to reconstruct the conjunctival surface. Histological studies were performed. Results/Conclusions: Rapid regeneration of the conjunctiva, with minimal scarring, occurred after the surgical procedure and no recurrence of the lesion was observed at 18 months of follow-up. Surgical resection with amniotic membrane grafting appears to be a useful therapeutic option in isolated conjunctival Kaposi´s sarcoma (AU)

Human alpha1D-adrenoceptor phosphorylation and desensitization.

Rat-1 fibroblast were transfected with a plasmid containing the cDNA of the human alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor. A cell line was isolated that stably expressed the receptor as evidenced by BMY 7378-sensitive noradrenaline-induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration. The effect of noradrenaline was blocked by active phorbol esters; such blockade was mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) as evidenced by its inhibition by staurosporine or the downregulation of this protein kinase. Radioligand binding experiments showed expression of receptors with high affinity for [3H]tamsulosin (K(D) 0.30 +/- 0.05 nM) but low density (B(max) 35 +/- 4 fmol/mg protein). The receptors had the expected orders of potency for agonists (adrenaline = noradrenaline > oxymetazoline) and antagonists (BMY 7378 > 5-methyl-urapidil = phentolamine). Photoaffinity labeling identified the receptor as a band of M(r) 70-80kDa, which could be immunoprecipitated with a selective anti-alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antiserum. In cells metabolically labeled with radioactive phosphate the adrenoceptor was identified as a phosphoprotein whose phosphorylation state was increased by the agonist, noradrenaline, and by phorbol myristate acetate. The data indicate that the human alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor function was regulated through phosphorylation by PKC.

[Prevalence of urinary incontinence in the population aged more than 64 years in Galicia, Spain]. / Prevalencia de la incontinencia urinaria en personas mayores de 64 años en Galicia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in the Galician population aged more than 64 years. METHODS: We performed a descriptive study, based on a personal interview with each individual from a sample of the target population. The sample was obtained through random sampling stratified into urban, semi-urban and rural of the Autonomous Community of Galicia. Subsequently, a random sample was extracted from the database of the individual health cards of selected localities. A total of 350 interviews in 12 sampling locations were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of urinary incontinence in Galicia in 2002 was 35.14% (95% CI: 31-38%, 15-28 for men and 38-51% for women). CONCLUSIONS: One out of three Galicians aged more than 64 years presents urinary incontinence. The prevalence is almost double in women.